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Sabtu, 11 Desember 2010

PS 2 Emulator



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SBK (Super Bike) X (2010)


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Kegagalan Abraham Lincoln Yang Menyakitkan

Pernahkah anda gagal?, pertanyaan ini mungkin sering kita dengar.., akan tetapi bagaimana bentuk kegagalan anda?, seberapa banyak kegagalan anda?. Jika anda mengalami kegagalan yang begitu banyak dan menyakitkan cobalah kalian lihat kegagalan dari abraham lincoln dan petiklah pelajaran darinya.
Tahun 1831 kebangkrutan dalam usahanya
Tahun 1832 kalah dalam pemilihan lokal
Tahun 1833 kembali menderita kebangkrutan
Tahun 1835 istrinya meninggal dunia
Tahun 1836 menderita tekanan mental sedemikian rupa sehingga hampir saja masuk rumah sakit
Tahun 1837 kalah dalam kontes pidato
Tahun 1840 gagal dalam pemilihan anggota senat Amerika Serikat
Tahun 1842 menderita kekalahan untuk duduk di dalam kongres Amerika Serikat
Tahun 1848 kalah lagi di kongres Amerika Serikat
Tahun1855 gagal lagi di senat Amerika Serikat
Tahun1856 kalah dalam pemilihan untuk menduduki kursi wakil presiden Amerika Serikat
Tahun 1858 kalah lagi di senat
Tahun 1860 akhirnya berhasil menjadi presiden Amerika Serikat

Tambahan
Lucunya... pada saat Abraham lincoln menjadi presiden dia berkata, "Ternyata sekarang saya baru sadar bahwa saya ditakdirkan sebagai presiden". Mengapa beliau mengatakan hal demikian?, karena melihat perjuangannya yang terus - terusan gagal saat mencalonkan diri dalam berbagai hal, Eh.. kebetulan aja pas nyalonin diri jadi presiden berhasil Hahha... , Akan tetapi pelajaran yang bisa kita ambil adalah bahwa semangat pantang menyerahnya yang menjadikan dia hebat, bukan jabatannya.

Kisah Amerika Bangun Jembatan Terindah Dunia

Indonesia mempunyai obsesi untuk membangun Jembatan Selat Sunda, jembatan terpanjang di dunia. Jika tak ada aral melintang, jembatan Selat Sunda itu akan dibangun mulai 2013.
Salah satu impiannya, Indonesia ingin menyaingi jembatan terindah yang juga menjadi ikon dunia. Jembatan yang dimaksud adalah Golden Gate yang terletak di California, Amerika Serikat.
Pertanyaannya, bagaimana Amerika membangun jembatan dengan panjang 2,7 kilometer dengan lebar 27,4 meter itu.
Pembangunan itu mempunyai cerita unik, karena tak semudah yang dibayangkan. Bahkan, harus melalui berbagai pertentangan, seperti halnya jembatan Selat Sunda yang masih menuai kontroversi. Namun sifat optimistis dan pantang menyerah dari penggagas Golden Gate membuat jembatan ini bisa terwujud.
Pembangunan Golden Gate dimulai dari insinyur teknik dan editor koran di San Francisco, Michael O'Shaughnessy yang tertarik membuat jembatan yang menghubungkan kedua wilayah California yaitu San Francisco dan Marin County.
O'Shaugnessy mulai berkonsultasi dengan sejumlah insinyur tentang kelayakan dan berapa biaya untuk membangun jembatan yang melintasi selat. Sebagian berspekulasi pembangunan itu akan menelan biaya US$100 juta, bahkan ada yang meremehkan jembatan itu tidak dapat dibangun.

Namun kemudian datang Joseph Baermann Strauss dan mengatakan jembatan itu tak hanya layak, namun bisa dibangun dengan dana US$25-30 juta. Strauss menyerahkan sketsa awal kepada O'Shaughnessy dan Edward Rainey, Sekretaris Walikota San Francisco dan walikota James Rolph. Perkiraan biaya untuk desain asli sebanyak US$17 juta.

O'Shaughnessy butuh waktu satu tahun setengah untuk melepas desain jembatan itu kepada publik. Sementara Strauss terus mempromosikan ide jembatan itu dengan desain aslinya kepada masyarakat seluruh California Utara. Dia mempromosikan bahwa biaya pembangunan jembatan itu dapat ditutup dengan membayar tol saja. Ide itu juga mendapat cemoohan dan digambarkan sebagai sesuatu yang buruk oleh pers setempat.

Kaum oposisi terutama muncul dari perusahaan feri yang mempunyai kepentingan. Perusahan feri itu giat berkampanye secara agresif untuk menghentikan pembangunan jembatan. Namun Strauss pantang menyerah, ia mengorganisir dari sisi politik, keuangan, dan promosi untuk membangun jembatan.

Pada saat itu, memang dibutuhkan jembatan karena kemacetan selalu terjadi di dermaga. Pada 1929 perjalanan kendaraan bermotor melalui feri meledak dengan permintaan melebihi kapasitas yang tersedia. Namun tidak ada negara bagian yang mau membiayai karena dana yang terbatas.

Pembangunan jembatan itu juga memunculkan referendum atau pemilihan di 21 kabupaten utara California untuk memilih opsi bergabung dengan jembatan dan jalan raya. Ada yang memilih bergabung, ada juga yang memilih keluar. San Francisco, Marin, Sonoma, Del Norte an bagian dari Napa dan Mendocino akhirnya memilih membentuk jembatan dan jalan.

Uniknya, karena tidak ada negara bagian yang membiayai, jembatan itu dibiayai dengan obligasi sebesar US$35 juta. Jaminan yang dipakai untuk penjualan obligasi itu berupa pertanian dan bisnis penduduk yang setuju atas pembangunan itu.
Pada 4 November 1930, pemilih di enam kabupaten memberikan suara apakah setuju rumah dan pertanian mereka dijadikan jaminan. Pada saat itu memilih menerbitkan obligasi dianggap sembrono karena akan menambah hutang selama Great Depression. Lalu mayoritas pemilih setuju untuk mengorbankan hartanya untuk dijadikan jaminan.

Lalu jembatan itu dibangun 1933-1937 secara bertahap. Peletakan batu pertama dilakukan pada 5 Januari 1933 dengan perayaan yang meriah, dan dihadiri 100 ribu orang. Jembatan itu dibangun oleh banyak pekerja yang penuh dedikasi dan profesional, mengawasi penciptaan struktur yang kini menjadi terkenal di dunia, dan mendapatkan reputasi jembatan paling spektakuler. Jembatan ini mempunyai total panjang 2,7 kilometer dengan lebar 27,4 meter. Terdiri dari 6 jalur, yang juga digunakan untuk pejalan kaki dan sepeda.

Pembayaran obligasi itu diambil dari pungutan tarif tol hingga jatuh tempo pada 1971. Melalui cara ini, pembangunan jembatan megah itu tidak menggunakan dana pemerintah sama sekali.

Konstruksi Bangunan

Golden Gate terdiri dari 6 bagian yaitu jembatan yang dekat dengan San Fracisco bagian selatan, jembatan yang dekat dengan pelabuhan dan perumahan, Fort Point, jembatan gantung, jembatan pendekat Marin (utara), dan jembatan yang dekat dengan pelabuhan dan perumahan Marin.

Golden Gate Bridge dicat dengan warna percampuran merah-oranye yang terang. Untuk pencahayaannya, dipilih secara hati-hati untuk memamerkan keunikan Golden Gate dengan dibuat cahaya yang tidak sama pada setiap bagian. Dipilih lampu sodium tekanan uap rendah dengan cahaya kuning halus untuk jalan, agar tampak hangat dan tidak silau bagi pengendara.

Saat ini, jembatan itu menjadi tempat super sibuk, terutama musim panas. Diperkirakan lebih dari 9 juta orang dari seluruh dunia mengunjungi Jembatan ini setiap tahun.

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Selasa, 02 November 2010

Download Game Arcania : Gothic 4


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Selasa, 19 Oktober 2010

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Sabtu, 04 September 2010

CPU-Z 1.55


CPU-Z is a freeware utility that gathers information on some of the main devices of your system. CPU-Z does not need to be installed, just unzip the files in a directory and run the .exe. In order to remove the program, just delete the files. The program does not copy any file in any Windows directory, nor write to the registry.

CPU

  • Name and number.
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  • Vendor, model and revision.
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  • Graphic interface.

Memory

  • Frequency and timings.
  • Module(s) specification using SPD (Serial Presence Detect) : vendor, serial number, timings table.

System

  • Windows and DirectX version.
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Windows Media Player 11



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The latest version of the Microsoft Windows Gaming API delivers Microsoft's powerful new High-Level Shader Language (HLSL) and features its most-advanced suite of design tools for the development of rich multimedia elements such as full-spectrum color graphics, video, 3-D animation and enhanced audio capabilities.

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CCleaner 2.28.1091 – Freeware System Optimization


CCleaner hadir dengan versi terbaru yaitu CCleaner 2.28.1091CCleaner adalah sebuah program yang bersifat freeware yang rasanya harus kita miliki di komputer kita. Ukuran file program ini sangat kecil namun memilik banyak keunggulan, manfaat dan feature.

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CCleaner is a freeware system optimization and privacy tool. It removes unused files from your system – allowing Windows to run faster and freeing up valuable hard disk space. It also cleans traces of your online activities such as your Internet history. But the best part is that it’s fast (normally taking less than a second to run) and contains NO Spyware or Adware!

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Windows Vista Ultimate (32Bit)



* 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor
* 1 GB of system memory
* 40 GB hard drive with at least 15 GB of available space
* Support for DirectX 9 graphics with:
o WDDM Driver
o 128 MB of graphics memory (minimum)
o Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware
o 32 bits per pixel
* DVD-ROM drive
* Audio Output
* Internet access (fees may apply)

Additional Requirements

Actual requirements and product functionality may vary based on your system configuration. Windows Vista Upgrade Advisor can help you determine which features and edition of Windows Vista will run on your computer.

While all editions of Windows Vista can support multiple core CPUs, only Windows Vista Business, Ultimate, and Enterprise can support dual processors.
Home Premium / Ultimate

TV tuner card required for TV functionality (compatible remote control optional).
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Windows Tablet and Touch Technology requires a Tablet PC or a touch screen.
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Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption requires a USB Flash Drive and a system with a TPM 1.2 chip.

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Windows XP Black Edition With SP3



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Sabtu, 14 Agustus 2010

BIOS


In IBM PC Compatible computers, the basic input/output system (BIOS)[1] , also known as the System BIOS, is a de facto standard defining a firmware interface.[2]

The BIOS of a PC software is built into the PC, and is the first code run by a PC when powered on ('boot firmware'). The primary function of the BIOS is to load and start an operating system. When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is to initialize and identify system devices such as the video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD drive and other hardware. The BIOS then locates software held on a peripheral device (designated as a 'boot device'), such as a hard disk or a CD, and loads and executes that software, giving it control of the PC.[3] This process is known as booting, or booting up, which is short for bootstrapping.

BIOS software is stored on a non-volatile, ROM chip built into the system, on the mother board and the BIOS software is specifically designed to work with the particular type of system in question including having a knowledge of the workings of various devices that make up the complementary chipset of the system. In modern computer systems, the BIOS chip's contents can be rewritten so allowing BIOS software to be upgraded.

A BIOS will also have a user interface (or UI for short). Typically this is a menu system accessed by pressing a certain key on the keyboard when the PC starts. In the BIOS UI, a user can configure hardware, set the system clock, enable or disable system components, and most importantly, select which devices are eligible to be a potential boot device and set various password prompts, most importantly a password for securing access to the BIOS UI functions itself and preventing malicious users from booting the system from unauthorized peripheral devices.

The BIOS provides a small library of basic input/output functions used to operate and control the peripherals such as the keyboard, text display functions and so forth, and these software library functions are callable by external software. In the IBM PC and AT, certain peripheral cards such as hard-drive controllers and video display adapters carried their own BIOS extension ROM, which provided additional functionality. Operating systems and executive software, designed to supersede this basic firmware functionality, will provide replacement software interfaces to applications.

The role of the BIOS has changed over time; today BIOS is a legacy system, superseded by the more complex Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), but BIOS remains in widespread use, and EFI booting has only been supported in x86 Windows since 2008. BIOS is primarily associated with the 16-bit and 32-bit architecture eras (x86-32), while EFI is used for some 32-bit and most 64-bit architectures. Today BIOS is primarily used for booting a system, and for certain additional features such as power management (ACPI) and video initialization (in X.org), but otherwise is not used during the ordinary running of a system, while in early systems (particularly in the 16-bit era), BIOS was used for hardware access – operating systems (notably MS-DOS) would call the BIOS rather than directly accessing the hardware. In the 32-bit era and later, operating systems instead generally directly accessed the hardware using their own device drivers.

Terminology

The term first appeared in the CP/M operating system, describing the part of CP/M loaded during boot time that interfaced directly with the hardware (CP/M machines usually had only a simple boot loader in their ROM). Most versions of DOS have a file called "IBMBIO.COM" or "IO.SYS" that is analogous to the CP/M BIOS.

Among other classes of computers, the generic terms boot monitor, boot loader or boot ROM were commonly used. Some Sun and PowerPC-based computers use Open Firmware for this purpose. There are a few alternatives for Legacy BIOS in the x86 world: Extensible Firmware Interface, Open Firmware (used on the OLPC XO-1) and coreboot.

IBM PC-compatible BIOS chips

In principle, the BIOS in ROM was customized to the particular manufacturer's hardware, allowing low-level services (such as reading a keystroke or writing a sector of data to diskette) to be provided in a standardized way to the operating system. For example, an IBM PC might have had either a monochrome or a color display adapter, using different display memory addresses and hardware - but the BIOS service to print a character on the screen in text mode would be the same.

Prior to the early 1990s, BIOSes were stored in ROM or PROM chips, which could not be altered by users. As its complexity and need for updates grew, and re-programmable parts became more available, BIOS firmware was most commonly stored on EEPROM or flash memory devices. According to Robert Braver, the president of the BIOS manufacturer Micro Firmware, Flash BIOS chips became common around 1995 because the electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) chips are cheaper and easier to program than standard erasable PROM (EPROM) chips. EPROM chips may be erased by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light, which accessed the chip via the window. Chip manufacturers use EPROM programmers (blasters) to program EPROM chips. Electrically erasable (EEPROM) chips come with the additional feature of allowing a BIOS reprogramming via higher-than-normal amounts of voltage.[4] BIOS versions are upgraded to take advantage of newer versions of hardware and to correct bugs in previous revisions of BIOSes.[5]

Beginning with the IBM AT, PCs supported a hardware clock settable through BIOS. It had a century bit which allowed for manually changing the century when the year 2000 happened. Most BIOS revisions created in 1995 and nearly all BIOS revisions in 1997 supported the year 2000 by setting the century bit automatically when the clock rolled past midnight, December 31, 1999.[6]

The first flash chips were attached to the ISA bus. Starting in 1997, the BIOS flash moved to the LPC bus, a functional replacement for ISA, following a new standard implementation known as "firmware hub" (FWH). In 2006, the first systems supporting a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) appeared, and the BIOS flash moved again.

The size of the BIOS, and the capacities of the ROM, EEPROM and other media it may be stored on, has increased over time as new features have been added to the code; BIOS versions now exist with sizes up to 16 megabytes. Some modern motherboards are including even bigger NAND Flash ROM ICs on board which are capable of storing whole compact operating system distribution like some Linux distributions. For example, some recent ASUS motherboards included SplashTop Linux embedded into their NAND Flash ROM ICs.


Flashing the BIOS

In modern PCs the BIOS is stored in rewritable memory, allowing the contents to be replaced or 'rewritten'. This rewriting of the contents is sometimes termed 'flashing'. This is done by a special program, usually provided by the system's manufacturer. A file containing such contents is sometimes termed 'a BIOS image'. A BIOS might be reflashed in order to upgrade to a newer version to fix bugs or provide improved performance or to support newer hardware, or a reflashing operation might be needed to fix a damaged BIOS.

BIOS chip vulnerabilities

EEPROM chips are advantageous because they can be easily updated by the user; hardware manufacturers frequently issue BIOS updates to upgrade their products, improve compatibility and remove bugs. However, this advantage had the risk that an improperly executed or aborted BIOS update could render the computer or device unusable. To avoid these situations, more recent BIOSes use a "boot block"; a portion of the BIOS which runs first and must be updated separately. This code verifies if the rest of the BIOS is intact (using hash checksums or other methods) before transferring control to it. If the boot block detects any corruption in the main BIOS, it will typically warn the user that a recovery process must be initiated by booting from removable media (floppy, CD or USB memory) so the user can try flashing the BIOS again. Some motherboards have a backup BIOS (sometimes referred to as DualBIOS boards) to recover from BIOS corruptions.

Overclocking

Some BIOS chips allow overclocking, an action in which the CPU is adjusted to a higher clock rate than its factory preset. Overclocking may, however, seriously compromise safety in insufficiently cooled computers and generally shorten component lifespan.

Virus attacks

There are at least three known BIOS attack viruses.


CIH

The first was a virus which was able to erase Flash ROM BIOS content, rendering computer systems unstable. CIH, also known as "Chernobyl Virus", appeared for the first time in mid-1998 and became active in April 1999. It affected systems' BIOS and often could not be fixed on their own since they were no longer able to boot at all. To repair this, Flash ROM IC had to be ejected from the motherboard to be reprogrammed somewhere else. Damage from CIH was possible since the Virus was specifically targeted at the then widespread Intel i430TX motherboard chipset, and the most common operating systems of the time were based on the Windows 9x family allowing direct hardware access to all programs.

Modern systems are not vulnerable to CIH because of a variety of chipsets being used which are incompatible with the Intel i430TX chipset, and also other Flash ROM IC types. There is also extra protection from accidental BIOS rewrites in the form of boot blocks which are protected from accidental overwrite or dual and quad BIOS equipped systems which may, in the event of a crash, use a backup BIOS. Also, all modern operating systems like Linux, Mac OS X, Windows NT-based Windows OS like Windows 2000, Windows XP and newer, do not allow user mode programs to have direct hardware access. As a result, as of 2008, CIH has become essentially harmless, at worst causing annoyance by infecting executable files and triggering alerts from antivirus software. Other BIOS viruses remain possible, however[7]: since most Windows users run all applications with administrative privileges, a modern CIH-like virus could, in principle, still gain access to hardware.


Black Hat 2006

The second one was a technique presented by John Heasman, principal security consultant for UK based Next-Generation Security Software at the Black Hat Security Conference (2006), where he showed how to elevate privileges and read physical memory, using malicious procedures that replaced normal ACPI functions stored in flash memory.


Persistent BIOS Infection

The third one, known as "Persistent BIOS infection", was a method presented in CanSecWest Security Conference (Vancouver, 2009) and SyScan Security Conference (Singapore, 2009) where researchers Anibal Sacco [8] and Alfredo Ortega, from Core Security Technologies, demonstrated insertion of malicious code into the decompression routines in the BIOS, allowing for nearly full control of the PC at every start-up, even before the operating system is booted.

The proof-of-concept does not exploit a flaw in the BIOS implementation, but only involves the normal BIOS flashing procedures. Thus, it requires physical access to the machine or for the user on the operating system to be root. Despite this, however, researchers underline the profound implications of their discovery: “We can patch a driver to drop a fully working rootkit. We even have a little code that can remove or disable antivirus.”[9]

Firmware on adapter cards

A computer system can contain several BIOS firmware chips. The motherboard BIOS typically contains code to access hardware components absolutely necessary for bootstrapping the system, such as the keyboard (either PS/2 or on a USB human interface device), and storage (floppy drives, if available, and IDE or SATA hard disk controllers). In addition, plug-in adapter cards such as SCSI, RAID, Network interface cards, and video boards often include their own BIOS (e.g. Video BIOS), complementing or replacing the system BIOS code for the given component. (This code is generally referred to as an option ROM.) Even devices built into the motherboard can behave in this way; their option ROMs can be stored as separate code on the main BIOS flash chip, and upgraded either in tandem with, or separately to, the main BIOS.

An add-in card usually only requires an option ROM if it:

  • Needs to be used before the operating system can be loaded (usually this means it is required in the bootstrapping process), and
  • Is too sophisticated or specific a device to be handled by the main BIOS

Older PC operating systems, such as MS-DOS (including all DOS-based versions of Microsoft Windows), and early-stage bootloaders, may continue to use the BIOS for input and output. However, the restrictions of the BIOS environment means that modern OSes will almost always use their own device drivers to directly control the hardware. Generally, these device drivers only use BIOS and option ROM calls for very specific (non-performance-critical) tasks, such as preliminary device initialization.

In order to discover memory-mapped option ROMs during the boot process, PC BIOS implementations scan real memory from 0xC0000 to 0xF0000 on 2 kiB boundaries, looking for a ROM signature: 0xAA55 (0x55 followed by 0xAA, since the x86 architecture is little-endian). In a valid expansion ROM, this signature is immediately followed by a single byte indicating the number of 512-byte blocks it occupies in real memory. The next byte contains an offset describing the option ROM's entry point, to which the BIOS immediately transfers control. At this point, the expansion ROM code takes over, using BIOS services to register interrupt vectors for use by post-boot applications, provide a user configuration interface, or display diagnostic information.

There are many methods and utilities for examining the contents of various motherboard BIOS and expansion ROMs, such as Microsoft DEBUG or the UNIX dd.

BIOS boot specification

If the expansion ROM wishes to change the way the system boots (such as from a network device or a SCSI adapter for which the BIOS has no driver code), it can use the BIOS Boot Specification (BBS) API to register its ability to do so. Once the expansion ROMs have registered using the BBS APIs, the user can select among the available boot options from within the BIOS's user interface. This is why most BBS compliant PC BIOS implementations will not allow the user to enter the BIOS's user interface until the expansion ROMs have finished executing and registering themselves with the BBS API.[citation needed]

Changing role of the BIOS

Some operating systems, for example MS-DOS, rely on the BIOS to carry out most input/output tasks within the PC.[10] A variety of technical reasons makes it inefficient for some recent operating systems written for 32-bit CPUs such as Linux and Microsoft Windows to invoke the BIOS directly. Larger, more powerful, servers and workstations using PowerPC or SPARC CPUs by several manufacturers developed a platform-independent Open Firmware (IEEE-1275), based on the Forth programming language. It is included with Sun's SPARC computers, IBM's RS/6000 line, and other PowerPC CHRP motherboards. Later x86-based personal computer operating systems, like Windows NT, use their own, native drivers which also makes it much easier to extend support to new hardware, while the BIOS still relies on a legacy 16-bit runtime interface.

There was a similar transition for the Apple Macintosh, where the system software originally relied heavily on the ToolBox—a set of drivers and other useful routines stored in ROM based on Motorola's 680x0 CPUs. These Apple ROMs were replaced by Open Firmware in the PowerPC Macintosh, then EFI in Intel Macintosh computers.

Later BIOS took on more complex functions, by way of interfaces such as ACPI; these functions include power management, hot swapping and thermal management. However BIOS limitations (16-bit processor mode, only 1 MiB addressable space, PC AT hardware dependencies, etc.) were seen as clearly unacceptable for the newer computer platforms. Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI) is a specification which replaces the runtime interface of the legacy BIOS. Initially written for the Itanium architecture, EFI is now available for x86 and x86-64 platforms; the specification development is driven by The Unified EFI Forum, an industry Special Interest Group.

Linux has supported EFI via the elilo boot loader. The Open Source community increased their effort to develop a replacement for proprietary BIOSes and their future incarnations with an open sourced counterpart through the coreboot and OpenBIOS/Open Firmware projects. AMD provided product specifications for some chipsets, and Google is sponsoring the project. Motherboard manufacturer Tyan offers coreboot next to the standard BIOS with their Opteron line of motherboards. MSI and Gigabyte Technology have followed suit with the MSI K9ND MS-9282 and MSI K9SD MS-9185 resp. the M57SLI-S4 models.

Some BIOSes contain a "tattoo", a digital signature placed inside the BIOS by the manufacturer, for example Dell.{{cn]] Computer manufacturers that distribute OEM versions of Microsoft Windows and Microsoft application software can use the tattoo to authenticate licensing to the OEM Windows Installation disk and/or system recovery disc containing Windows software. Dell systems having tattoos do not require entry of the Product Key, and they bypass Windows Product Activation (a convenience to the user and to Microsoft).

The BIOS business

The vast majority of PC motherboard suppliers license a BIOS "core" and toolkit from a commercial third-party, known as an "independent BIOS vendor" or IBV. The motherboard manufacturer then customizes this BIOS to suit its own hardware. For this reason, updated BIOSes are normally obtained directly from the motherboard manufacturer.

Major BIOS vendors include American Megatrends (AMI), Insyde Software, Phoenix Technologies and Byosoft. Former vendors include Award Software which was acquired by Phoenix Technologies in 1998. Phoenix has now phased out the Award Brand name. General Software, which was also acquired by Phoenix in 2007, sold BIOS for Intel processor based embedded systems.